Theory xy douglas mcgregor and theory z william ouichi. Find out how your management style reflects your beliefs about your teams motivation and explore how you can adopt a style that enables your team to. No one doubts the importance of motivation, but the source of that motivation is the point of great contention in the business world. While, theory y considers that people are selfmotivated, and sportingly take responsibilities. Essentially theory x and theory y describe two opposing views of people at work that will influence management style. In his 1960 management book, the human side of enterprise, douglas mcgregor made his mark on the history of organizational management and motivational. Mcgregor recognised certain needs that theory x fails to take into account. They were created by douglas mcgregor while he was working at the mit sloan school of management in the 1950s, and developed further in the 1960s. Theory y is positive, participating and democratic. Consider effort at work as just like rest or play ordinary people who do not dislike work. Nov 25, 2019 theory x and theory y of motivation by mcgregors external motivation includes the forces which exist inside the individuals as well as the controlled by the manager, including items such as salaries, working conditions, company policy and job content items, such as recognition. Either theory x or theory y assumptions may be appropriate in a particular situation. The management implications for theory x workers were that, to achieve organisational objectives, a business would need to impose a management system of coercion, control and punishment. Theory x and theory y team management training from.
In 1960, he wrote the book \u201cthe human side of enterprise\u201d, where he identifies and develops his enowned theory x and theory y. X and theory y are still referred to commonly in the field of management and motivation. The theory x and theory y are the theories of motivation given by douglas mcgregor in 1960s. Important research by michael kirton presents a different model of creativity that explains the failure of theory y and justi. There is no evidence to confirm that either set of assumptions is valid. Pdf theory x and theory y type leadership behavior and. Pdf theory x and theory y type leadership behavior and its. Douglas mcgregor 1906 1964 was a lecturer at harvard university and became the first sloan fellows professor at mit. Theory x and theory y are theories of human work motivation and management. Douglas mcgregor has developed two sets of assumptions about human behaviour. Theory x and theory y were developed by a mit management professor douglas murray mcgregor. Theory x and theory y type leadership behavior and its. The idea that a managers attitude has an impact on employee motivation was originally proposed by douglas mcgregor. His work is based upon maslows hierarchy of needs, where he grouped the hiera.
Theory x management style generally get poor results compare with managers use theory y, which produces better performance and results, and allows people to grow and develop. These theories are based on the premise that management has to assemble all the factors of production, including human beings, to get the work done. The idea behind using letters x and y, perhaps seems to be using a neutral terminology, which does not convey any sense of badness or goodness associated with these theories. Theory x theory x assumes that employees are naturally unmotivated and dislike working, and this encourages an authoritarian style of management. This theory is rather simple in relationship to the other four motivation theories you need to know for the exam like maslows hierarchy of needs.
What do you think motivates your people to come to work each morning. Becaus o thiefs dislik of worke, most people mus b coercedte, controlled, directed, o threatener witdh punish. Otokiti 2000 mcgregors theory x and y remains central to organisational development and to improving organisational culture. Douglas mcgregors theory x and theory y introduction. According to mcgregor, the function of motivating people involves certain assumptions about human nature. Mcgregors theory is a motivation theory, meaning it provides explanation on what people want in order to do their job. The paper also summarised the application of theory x and y in classroom management and also. Theory x, theory y, and theory z introduction to business. Application of theory x and y in classroom management by. Mcgregor developed a philosophical view of humankind with his theory x and theory y in 1960. People thrive to participate in a task and give their input. Comparative analysis of theory x, theory y, theory z, and theory. You may, however, find that you naturally favor one over the other. According to this view, management must actively intervene to get things done.
Douglas mcgregor has developed a theory of motivation of the basis of hypotheses relating to human behaviour. This theory divides workers and managers in the organization in two typical groups according to how managers lead their subordinates and respectively how subordinates behave. Mcgregors theory x and theory y theory of motivation. If you believe that your team members dislike their work and have little motivation, then, according to mcgregor, youll likely use an authoritarian style of. Therefore most people must be motivated by forcedbribed with the threat of punishment or a reward to produce effort and work towards organizational objectives. It became very popular in the field of hr and it was a model that helped shift management from the negative paradigm to a positive spin. Xteacher and theory yteacher in the 1960s, douglas mcgregor from mit came up with the theoryx and theoryy to describe styles of managers. Theory x and theory y was an idea devised by douglas mcgregor in his. Th average humae n bein has agnin herent dislik of wore k an wild avoil d it if possible. Since their style of directing is encouraging, it only becomes a problem when its noticeably disingenuous or ineffective with the team as a whole. Two of the surveys had to be eliminated due to missing. Features of mcgregors theory x and theory y of motivation.
Theory x the theory leads to mistrust, highly restrictive supervision, a punitive atmosphere, threat and coercion to gain employees compliance theory x managers feel the sole purpose of the employees interest in the job is money they will blame the person, without questioning whether it may be the system. Theory x is the belief that employees are motivated by pay and they need supervision to make sure they get their work done. The relationship between mcgregors xy theory management. Theory y is based upon an incomplete theory of human motivation that erroneously assumes that all people are creative and want to be creative in the same way. It describes two very different attitudes towards workforce motivation. Motivating people using theory x and theory y youtube. Theory x and theory y behavior scale kopelman, prottas, and falk, 2008.
Feedback from a theory x and theory y perspective design shack. Mcgregors xy theory is a natural rule for managing people. The average human being does not inherently dislike work. Theory y, on the other hand, presents a positive view of human. Douglas mcgreogor theory x and theory y both are theories of human motivation created and developed for the workplace environment they are behavioural approaches as opposed to classical approaches social and selfactualizing aspects are a priority theory x assumptions that.
Theory x says that the average human being is lazy and self. The expenditure of physical and mental effort in work is as natural as play or rest. Mcgregor himself held to the belief that theory y assumptions were more valid than theory x. Theory x considers that people dislike work, they want to avoid it and do not take responsibilities willingly. Douglas mcgregor put forward a theory of motivation, called as theory x and theory y. Oct 26, 2015 douglas mcgregors view is that there are two theories of motivation. Motivation, theory x and y, classroom, management manager and organisation introduction douglas mcgregor, an american social psychologist, proposed his famous theory x and y in his book the human side of enterprise in 1960. Understanding theory x and theory y theory x and theory y were first explained by mcgregor in his book, the human side of enterprise, and they refer to two styles of management authoritarian theory x and participative theory y.
To get to the bottom of these important questions, you can look to the help of theory x and theory y. Theory x and theory y are still referred to commonly in the field of management and motivation, and whilst more recent studies have questioned the rigidity of the model. It contains assumptions which he believed could lead to greater motivation and better fulfillment of both individual needs and organizational goals. Theory y maintains that human beings are active rather than passive shapers of themselves and of. Two distinct sets of assumptions that managers, in general, have about their employees and which often turn out to be selffulfilling prophesies. The idea that a managers attitude has an impact on employee motivation was originally proposed by douglas mcgregor, a management professor at the massachusetts institute of technology during the 1950s and 1960s. X and y theory question 1 explain theory x and theory y. Theory x and theory y understanding peoples motivations. The theories concentrate on two various models of potential motivation that is implemented by the managers across human resources management, organizational communication, organizational development and organizational behavior.
Copyright 2017, scholarly research journal for interdisciplinary. This theory divides workers and managers in the organization in two typical groups according to how managers lead their subordinates and respectively how subordinates behave character of the manager or worker corresponding to the. Theory x and theory y pertain to employee motivation and have been used in human resource management, organizational behavior analysis, and organizational development. In actual practice, most managers today practice a combination of theory x and theory y styles of management. He avoided descriptive labels and simply called the theories theory x and theory y. Theory x percieves employees to be lazy, irresponsible and untrustworthy, while according to theory y employees are approached as one of the most valuable assets of the company. The xy theory diagram and measurement tool below pdf and doc versions are. Douglas mcgregors view is that there are two theories of motivation. Oct, 2017 find out how your management style reflects your beliefs about your teams motivation and explore how you can adopt a style that enables your team to be more productive. Pdf application of mcgregors theory x and theory y. X and y theory question 1 explain theory x and theory y and. His theory x and theory y was detailed in the human side of enterprise, published in 1960. Douglas mcgregors theory x and theory y of motivation.
His work is based upon maslows hierarchy of needs, where he grouped the hierarchy into lowerorder needs theory x and higherorder needs theory y. Theory x and theory y framework proposed by mcgregor in his classic book the human side of enterprise 1960 consists of two alternative set of assumptions. Professor douglas mcgregor highlighted that there is a significant relationship between motivation and leadership among people. Jul 08, 2017 motivation implies the act of stimulating or inspiring subordinates to pursue the desired course of action. Mcgregors theoryx and theoryy what is human resource. Theory y is mcgregors other modem view of the nature of man. It also focuses on the characteristics of theory x and y and how to manage upwards theory x boss in any organisation.
Motivation implies the act of stimulating or inspiring subordinates to pursue the desired course of action. The concept of theory x and theory y was first proposed by douglas mcgregor in his book human side of enterprise as a alternative sets assumptions about behavior and nature of people at work. Leadership styles are determined by the ways in which a leader perceives those under him and the assumptions he holds about human behavior. Theory x and theory y was created and developed by douglas mcgregor at the mit sloan school of management in the 1960s. Theory y workers were characterised by mcgregor as. As the name would imply, these two common theories stand in opposition to one another on the point of motivation. Theory x and theory y are still referred to regularly in the fields of. Difference between theory x and theory y with comparison. Social psychologist mcgregors theoryx and theoryyof mit expounded two contrasting theories on human motivation and management in the 1960s. Theory x and theory y of motivation explain with examples. Theory x and theory y are descriptions of two extreme managerial styles.
It postulates that people can be basically self directed and creative at work, if properly motivated. Theory y managers are obviously the easiest to handle. In this theory, management assumes that employees are. The present study explored the possibility that mcgregors 1960 theory xy assumptions serve as cognitive determinants of superior communicator style, a multidimensional set of style variables that can have considerable effects on subordinate wellbeing and organizational viability. Theory x and theory y, introduced in the book and are known for management and human motivation. This theory assumes that, people are not, by nature, lazy and unreliable. In his 1960 book, the human side of enterprise, mcgregor proposed two theories by which managers perceive and address employee.
Theory x the theory leads to mistrust, highly restrictive supervision, a punitive atmosphere, threat and coercion to gain employees compliance theory x managers feel the sole purpose of the employees interest in the job is money they will blame the person, without questioning whether it. Theory x and theory y in 1960, douglas mcgregor formulated theory x and theory y suggesting two aspects of human behaviour at work, or in other words, two different views of individuals employees. It postulates that people can be basically self directed and creative at work, if. Explain the implications of theory x, theory y, and theory z for employee management mcgregors theory x and theory y the idea that a managers attitude has an impact on employee motivation was originally proposed by douglas mcgregor, a management professor at the massachusetts institute of technology during the 1950s and 1960s. Theory x assumes that workers lack self motivation, which means that they should be continuously monitored and supervised so that they can produce optimally while theory y implies that employees are selfmotivated and selfcontrolled and as such, they should not be observed or supervised. There are two categories of leadership the classical organization theory existed till 1950 and. Theory x and y were created and developed by douglas mcgregor at the mit sloan school of management in the 1960s 2.
Most managers will likely use a mixture of theory x and theory y. In his book, the human side of enterprise published in 1960, mit business professor, douglas mcgregor, proposed two schools of thought on employee motivation. Motivation people are motivated mainly by money, fears about their job. These two theories represent the extreme ranges of assumptions. Mcgregors work was rooted in motivation theory alongside the works of abraham maslow, who created the hierarchy of needs. Theory x and theory y theory x and theory y represent two sets of assumptions about human nature and human behavior that are relevant to the practice of management. Mcgregors theory x and theory y are theories about human behavior and motivation in the organization that was published in 1960 by douglas mcgregor. Based on the premises concerning human behaviour, prof. Much more difficult to receive, from a feedback perspective, is a strictly theory x approach. Theory x represents a negative view of human nature that assumes individuals generally dislike work, are irresponsible, and require close supervision to do their jobs. Designmethodologyapproach an empirical study was conducted through. In theory x type organization, management is authoritarian, and centralized control is maintained. There are two alternative sets of assumptions which mcgregor has.
Question 1 explain theory x and theory y and show how as a manager you would apply it to motivate your staff. Theory x and theory y in his 1960 book, the human side of enterprise, douglas mcgregor proposed two theories by which to view employee motivation. You might, for instance, have a tendency to micromanage or, conversely, you may prefer to take a more handsoff approach. The purpose of this paper is to apply mcgregors theory x and theory y to study teacher motivation in higher education. According to theory x, power and authority should be. Theory x theory y attitude people dislike work, find it boring, try to avoid it. Xteacher and theory yteacher aboluays anas musings. Mcgregor promoted theory y as the basis of good management practice, pioneering the argument that workers are not merely cogs in the company machinery, as theory xtype organizations seemed to believe. They are theories of human motivation that provide a framework for how managers use behavior and tools in the workplace to encourage productivity. Mcgregor felt that companies followed either one of these approaches. The climate in a theory x organisation tends to be impersonal and the theory suggests carrot and stick approach to motivation. People consider work as a part of life, they enjoy it.
Theory y is based on a faulty conception of human nature. Theory y put forward the idea that management by objectives and involving workers in the decisionmaking process would lead to the creation of a satisfied and more productive workforce. Theory x and theory y management applicationbusiness implications for workforce motivation. Motivation theory x and theory y free management books. It is important to note that both theory x and theory y are based on the argument that there are specific approaches to managing people based on their traits. Mar 08, 2008 theory x and theory y was created and developed by douglas mcgregor at the mit sloan school of management in the 1960s. They were created by douglas mcgregor while he was working at the mit. He summarized the findings of the hawthorn experiment by introducing both theory x and theory y. Douglas mcgregor, through his wellknown theory x and theory y, drew a distinction between the assumptions about human motivation which underlie these two approaches, to this effect. Leadership assumes that money is only motivation for the employees, and they will. Theoryx and theoryy management applicationbusiness implications for workforce motivation.
His theory theory y and theory x are theories of human motivation that have been used for human resource management, organizational behaviour and organizational development. It is something that makes people act or behave in a particular manner. Empxtrack an integrated human capital and talent management tool is based on such theories and helps organizations to transform their human resource practices. Theory x stands for the set of traditional beliefs held, while theoryy stands for the set of beliefs based on researchers in behavioral science which are concerned with modern social views on the man at work. Mcgregors ideas suggest that there are two fundamental approaches to managing people.
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